Publication statistics
Pub. period:1990-2005
Pub. count:10
Number of co-authors:5
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Michael D. Harrison:2J. Reid:1Mark D. Dunlop:1 Productive colleagues
C. W. Johnson's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Michael D. Harriso..:50Mark D. Dunlop:26John C. McCarthy:12
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C. W. Johnson
Publications by C. W. Johnson (bibliography)
Johnson, C. W. (2005): Applying the lessons of the attack on the world trade center, 11th September 2001, to the design and use of interactive evacuation simulations. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 651-660.
“The collapse of buildings, such as terminal 2E at Paris' Charles de Gaule Airport, and of fires, such as the Rhode Island, Station Night Club tragedy, has focused public attention on the safety of large public buildings. Initiatives in the United States and in Europe have led to the development of interactive simulators that model evacuation from these buildings. The tools avoid some of the ethical and legal problems from simulating evacuations; many people were injured during the 1993 evacuation of the World Trade Center (WTC) complex. They also use many concepts that originate within the CHI communities. For instance, some simulators use simple task models to represent the occupants' goal structures as they search for an available exit. However, the recent release of the report from the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (the '9/11 commission') has posed serious questions about the design and use of this particular class of interactive systems. This paper argues that simulation research needs to draw on insights from the CHI communities in order to meet some the challenges identified by the 9/11 commission.”
© All rights reserved Johnson and/or ACM Press
Dunlop, Mark D., Johnson, C. W. and Reid, J. (1998): Exploring the Layers of Information Retrieval Evaluation. In Interacting with Computers, 10 (3) pp. 225-236.
“This special issue presents current work on modelling interactive information retrieval systems and users' interactions with them. This introductory paper analyses the papers in the context of evaluation in information retrieval (IR) by examining the different layers at which IR system use could be evaluated. IR poses the double evaluation problem of evaluating both the underlying system effectiveness and the overall ability of the system to aid users. The papers in this collection look at different issues in combining human-computer interaction (HCI) research with IR research and provide insights into the problems of evaluating the information seeking process.”
© All rights reserved Dunlop et al. and/or Elsevier Science
Johnson, C. W. (1997): People, Places and Interfaces: Using Physiological Constraints to Inform the Design of Safety-Critical User Interfaces. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 29 (1) pp. 36-40.
“A range of techniques have been developed to plan the layout of computer systems within complex working environments. For instance, computer aided design (CAD) tools can be used to simulate operators' posture at a particular workstation. Fitting studies can then be used to provide empirical validation. Unfortunately, few of these techniques also support the development of interactive dialogues. This is an important problem because the position of a display can determine whether users are able to monitor its information. The physical location of input devices can also have a profound impact upon error rates. This paper presents techniques that support interface development and workstation layout for safety-critical systems. First-order logic can be used to represent and reason about human computer dialogues. The same formalism can also be used to identify appropriate locations for input and output devices within control rooms and offices. The findings of ergonomic studies can then be applied to analyze the mental and physical demands that are imposed by interactive dialogues within a particular working environment.”
© All rights reserved Johnson and/or ACM Press
Johnson, C. W. (1993): A Probabilistic Logic for the Development of Safety-Critical, Interactive Systems. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 39 (2) pp. 333-351.
“This paper starts from the premise that the human contribution to risk must be assessed during the development of safety-critical systems. In contrast to previous approaches, discrete numerical values are rejected as means of quantifying the probability of operator "error" for many different users of many different systems. Numerical probabilities are used to rank the importance that designers attach to par ocular system failures. Adequate development resources must be allocated so that operators will resolve and not exacerbate high-priority failures. In order to do this, human factors and systems engineers must be provided with notations that can represent risk assessments. Many techniques that are in widespread use, such as fault-tree analysis, provide inadequate support for the development of interactive systems. They do not capture the temporal properties that can determine the quality of interaction between operators and stochastic application processes. It is argued that probabilistic temporal logics avoid this limitation. Notations which are built around linear models of time cannot easily capture the semantics of risk assessments. We have developed Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL) to avoid this problem. PCTL is built around a branching model of time. Finally, it is argued that PCTL specifications and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to provide faithful simulations of stochastic interactive systems. The implementation of the Risklog prototyping tool is briefly described. Partial simulations can be shown to system operators in order to determine whether they are likely to intervene and resolve system failures.”
© All rights reserved Johnson and/or Academic Press
Johnson, C. W. (1993): Specifying and Prototyping Dynamic Human-Computer Interfaces for Stochastic Applications. In: Alty, James L., Diaper, Dan and Guest, D. (eds.) Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VIII August 7-10, 1993, Loughborough University, UK. pp. 233-246.
“Formal methods are increasingly being used to support the software engineering of complex systems. A number of limitations restrict the utility of these techniques for the design of human-computer interfaces. Firstly, formal notations often abstract away from the temporal properties that affect usability. Secondly, specifications fail to consider the stochastic, or probabilistic, behaviours that characterise human-computer interaction with distributed and concurrent applications. This paper proposes techniques to overcome these limitations. It is argued that temporal logic provides a means of representing sequential and concurrent properties of interaction. It is also demonstrated that logic can be used to explicitly represent assumptions about operator responses to high and low risk events. In order to support the validation of these assumptions we have implemented a tool which exploits Monte Carlo techniques to directly derive prototype simulations from temporal logic specifications of interactive systems.”
© All rights reserved Johnson and/or Cambridge University Press
Johnson, C. W. (1993): A Formal Approach to the Presentation of CSCW Systems. In: Alty, James L., Diaper, Dan and Guest, D. (eds.) Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VIII August 7-10, 1993, Loughborough University, UK. pp. 335-352.
“It is a non-trivial task to develop appropriate presentation strategies for Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) systems. Some applications, such as communications environments, must be presented to all the members of a group. Other information is only relevant for those users who are engaged in particular activities. Representing a design in terms of bitmaps and device primitives can obscure such requirements. This paper argues that formal, mathematically based, specification techniques can represent images that are distributed amongst multiple, concurrent operators. A limitation of this approach is that formal specifications provide little impression of what it would be like to interact with a CSCW system. The Prelog prototyping tool has been developed to overcome this limitation. Prelog can be used to derive prototypes from logic specifications of multi-user applications. Prelog is intended to support the early stages of development when it may not be possible to analyse systems within their eventual working context. It also supports the later stages of development because Prelog displays can be incorporated into final implementations using either the C or Ada programming languages.”
© All rights reserved Johnson and/or Cambridge University Press
Johnson, C. W. and Harrison, Michael D. (1992): Using Temporal Logic to Support the Specification and Prototyping of Interactive Control Systems. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 37 (3) pp. 357-385.
“Accidents at Flixborough, Seveso, Bhopal, Three Mile Island, Windscale and Chernobyl have led to increasing concern over the safety and reliability of control systems. Human factors specialists have responded to this concern and have proposed a number of techniques which support the operator of such applications. Unfortunately, this work has not been accompanied by the provision of adequate tools which might enable a designer to carry it beyond the "laboratory bench" and on to the "shop floor". The following paper exploits formal, mathematically based specification techniques to provide such a tool. Previous weaknesses of abstract specifications are identified and resolved. In particular, they have failed to capture the temporal properties which human factors specialists identify as crucial to the success or failure of interactive control systems. They also provide the non-formalist with an extremely poor impression of what it would be to like to interact with potential implementations. Temporal logic avoids these deficiencies. It can make explicit the sequential information which may be implicit within a design. Executable subsets of this formalization support prototyping and this provides a means of assessing the qualitative "look and feel" of potential implementations. A variety of presentation strategies, including structural decomposition and dialogue cycles, have been specified and incorporated directly into prototypes using temporal logic. Prelog, a tool for the Presentation and REndering of LOGic specifications, has been developed and its implementation is described.”
© All rights reserved Johnson and Harrison and/or Academic Press
Miles, Victoria C., Johnson, C. W., McCarthy, John C. and Harrison, Michael D. (1991): Supporting Prediction in Complex Dynamic Systems. In: Diaper, Dan and Hammond, Nick (eds.) Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VI August 20-23, 1991, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK. pp. 133-144.
“The classical perspective in the study of human-computer interaction has focussed upon single users operating single systems. Interactive dialogues in such applications are often assumed to be sequential and deterministic. These assumptions support operator predictions about the effects of their commands. Unfortunately, there are an increasing number of applications for which such assumptions are no longer appropriate. This paper examines approaches which support predictability in systems, such as groupware and process control, where execution may be neither sequential nor deterministic.”
© All rights reserved Miles et al. and/or Cambridge University Press
Johnson, C. W. (1991): Applying Temporal Logic to Support the Specification and Prototyping of Concurrent Multi-User Interfaces. In: Diaper, Dan and Hammond, Nick (eds.) Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VI August 20-23, 1991, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK. pp. 145-156.
“First order logic provides a concise and precise means of specifying interface requirements for complex systems. Designs can be constructed in terms of high level abstractions which avoid the representation of unstructured bitmaps and 'raw' devices during the early stages of the development process. Unfortunately, logic specifications provide the non-formalist with little idea of what it would be like to interact with potential implementations. This limitation can be avoided by employing executable subsets of first order logic to rapidly derive prototypes from high level specifications of interactive systems. The following pages show how this formalism must be extended in order to support the design of concurrent multi-user systems, such as joint-editors, conferencing or distributed control applications. The introduction of a temporal ordering into logic specifications provides a means of analysing concurrency and contention between multiple users of shared resources. PRELOG, a tool for Presenting and REndering LOGic specifications has been enhanced to support this investigation.”
© All rights reserved Johnson and/or Cambridge University Press
Johnson, C. W. (1990): Using Temporal Logic to Prototype Interactive Systems. In: Diaper, Dan, Gilmore, David J., Cockton, Gilbert and Shackel, Brian (eds.) INTERACT 90 - 3rd IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 27-31, 1990, Cambridge, UK. pp. 1019-1020.
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