Brian P. Bailey
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Publications by Brian P. Bailey (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Herring, Scarlett R., Chang, Chia-Chen, Krantzler, Jesse and Bailey, Brian P. (2009): Getting inspired!: understanding how and why examples are used in creative design practice. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 87-96. Available online
The use of examples serves a critical role in creative design practice, but details of this process remain an enigma. This is problematic for both the understanding of design activity as well as for developing more effective design tools. In this paper, we report results of a study that understands and compares how designers (N=11) utilize, manage, and share examples to support the creative design process. The domains studied were Web, graphic, and product design. Our study shows that examples are a cornerstone of creative practice and are utilized for many reasons throughout the design process. Since examples are pivotal to the success of a project, more effective tools that support retrieval, storage, and dissemination of examples are needed. This paper contributes understanding of the benefits and roles of examples in the design process and implications for the design of more effective tools that support example usage.
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Sharmin, Moushumi, Bailey, Brian P., Coats, Cole and Hamilton, Kevin (2009): Understanding knowledge management practices for early design activity and its implications for reuse. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 2367-2376. Available online
Prior knowledge is a critical resource for design, especially when designers are striving to generate new ideas for complex problems. Systems that improve access to relevant prior knowledge and promote reuse can improve design efficiency and outcomes. Unfortunately, such systems have not been widely adopted indicating that user needs in this area have not been adequately understood. In this paper, we report the results of a contextual inquiry into the practices of and attitudes toward knowledge management and reuse during early design. The study consisted of interviews and surveys with professional designers in the creative domains. A novel aspect of our work is the focus on early design, which differs from but complements prior works' focus on knowledge reuse during later design and implementation phases. Our study yielded new findings and implications that, if applied, will help bring the benefits of knowledge management systems and reuse into early design activity.
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Herring, Scarlett R., Jones, Brett R. and Bailey, Brian P. (2009): Idea Generation Techniques among Creative Professionals. In: HICSS 2009 - 42st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 5-8 January, 2009, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. pp. 1-10. Available online
Venkataswamy, Arjun, Sodhi, Rajinder, Abdildin, Yerkin and Bailey, Brian P. (2009): Groupware for Design: An Interactive System to Facilitate Creative Processes in Team Design Work. In: HICSS 2009 - 42st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 5-8 January, 2009, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. pp. 1-10. Available online
» 2008 «
Iqbal, Shamsi T. and Bailey, Brian P. (2008): Effects of intelligent notification management on users and their tasks. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 93-102. Available online
We present a novel system for notification management and report results from two studies testing its performance and impact. The system uses statistical models to realize defer-to-breakpoint policies for managing notifications. The first study tested how well the models detect three types of breakpoints within novel task sequences. Results show that the models detect breakpoints reasonably well, but struggle to differentiate their type. Our second study explored effects of managing notifications with our system on users and their tasks. Results showed that scheduling notifications at breakpoints reduces frustration and reaction time relative to delivering them immediately. We also found that the relevance of notification content determines the type of breakpoint at which it should be delivered. The core concept of scheduling notifications at breakpoints fits well with how users prefer notifications to be managed. This indicates that users would likely adopt the use of notification management systems in practice.
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Biehl, Jacob T., Baker, William T., Bailey, Brian P., Tan, Desney S., Inkpen, Kori and Czerwinski, Mary (2008): Impromptu: a new interaction framework for supporting collaboration in multiple display environments and its field evaluation for co-located software development. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 939-948. Available online
We present a new interaction framework for collaborating in multiple display environments (MDEs) and report results from a field study investigating its use in an authentic work setting. Our interaction framework, IMPROMPTU, allows users to share task information across displays via off-the-shelf applications, to jointly interact with information for focused problem solving and to place information on shared displays for discussion and reflection. Our framework also includes a lightweight interface for performing these and related actions. A three week field study of our framework was conducted in the domain of face-to-face group software development. Results show that teams utilized almost every feature of the framework in support of a wide range of development-related activities. The framework was used most to facilitate opportunistic collaboration involving task information. Teams reported wanting to continue using the framework as they found value in it overall.
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Bailey, Brian P., Biehl, Jacob T., Cook, Damon J. and Metcalf, Heather (2008): Adapting paper prototyping for designing user interfaces for multiple display environments. In Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 12 (3) pp. 269-277
» 2007 «
Iqbal, Shamsi T. and Bailey, Brian P. (2007): Understanding and developing models for detecting and differentiating breakpoints during interactive tasks. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 697-706. Available online
The ability to detect and differentiate breakpoints during task execution is critical for enabling defer-to-breakpoint policies within interruption management. In this work, we examine the feasibility of building statistical models that can detect and differentiate three granularities (types) of perceptually meaningful breakpoints during task execution, without having to recognize the underlying tasks. We collected ecological samples of task execution data, and asked observers to review the interaction in the collected videos and identify any perceived breakpoints and their type. Statistical methods were applied to learn models that map features of the interaction to each type of breakpoint. Results showed that the models were able to detect and differentiate breakpoints with reasonably high accuracy across tasks. Among many uses, our resulting models can enable interruption management systems to better realize defer-to-breakpoint policies for interactive, free-form tasks.
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Thompson, Ramona Su, Rantanen, Esa M., Yurcik, William and Bailey, Brian P. (2007): Command line or pretty lines?: comparing textual and visual interfaces for intrusion detection. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 1205-1214. Available online
Intrusion detection (ID) is one of network security engineers' most important tasks. Textual (command-line) and visual interfaces are two common modalities used to support engineers in ID. We conducted a controlled experiment comparing a representative textual and visual interface for ID to develop a deeper understanding about the relative strengths and weaknesses of each. We found that the textual interface allows users to better control the analysis of details of the data through the use of rich, powerful, and flexible commands while the visual interface allows better discovery of new attacks by offering an overview of the current state of the network. With this understanding, we recommend designing a hybrid interface that combines the strengths of textual and visual interfaces for the next generation of tools used for intrusion detection.
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Hailpern, Joshua, Hinterbichler, Erik, Leppert, Caryn, Cook, Damon and Bailey, Brian P. (2007): TEAM STORM: demonstrating an interaction model for working with multiple ideas during creative group work. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2007, Washington DC, USA. pp. 193-202. Available online
Informal design tools can provide immense value during the creative stages of the design process, e.g., by transforming sketches into interactive simulations. Two key limitations of informal and many other design tools are that they do not promote working with multiple design ideas in parallel or collaboration. In this paper, we present a new interaction model that allows a team of designers to work efficiently with multiple ideas in parallel. The model is grounded in theories of creativity and collaboration, and was further informed by observations of creative group work practice. Our interaction model is fully demonstrated within a new system called TEAM STORM. Results from an initial evaluation indicate that design teams are able to effectively utilize our system to create, organize, and share multiple design ideas during creative group work. The benefit of our model is that it demonstrates how many existing single-user design tools can be extended to support working efficiently with multiple ideas in parallel and co-located collaboration.
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Adamczyk, Piotr D., Hamilton, Kevin, Twidale, Michael B. and Bailey, Brian P. (2007): Tools in support of creative collaboration. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2007, Washington DC, USA. pp. 273-274. Available online
Creativity support tools are set an especially difficult task when they are applied to art/science collaboration. Not because of any fundamental incompatibility between the disciplines, but because creativity support tools are rarely supple enough to manage dramatically shifting requirements at various stages of design or handle the diversity of artifacts that might be generated. Traditional methods of evaluation of collaborative support tools may not address these aspects. This workshop aims to examine three specific areas open to expanded modes of evaluation; the social aspects of tools and tool use, how artifacts are created and manipulated in support tools, and how the expanding contexts of art/science collaborations may be rapidly changing support tool requirements.
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Guzman, Edward S. De, Sharmin, Moushumi and Bailey, Brian P. (2007): Should I call now? understanding what context is considered when deciding whether to initiate remote communication via mobile devices. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Graphics Interface 2007. pp. 143-150. Available online
Requests for communication via mobile devices can be disruptive to the current task or social situation. To reduce the frequency of disruptive requests, one promising approach is to provide callers with cues of a receiver's context through an awareness display, allowing informed decisions of when to call. Existing displays typically provide cues based on what can be readily sensed, which may not match what is needed during the call decision process. In this paper, we report results of a four week diary study of mobile phone usage, where users recorded what context information they considered when making a call, and what information they wished others had considered when receiving a call. Our results were distilled into lessons that can be used to improve the design of awareness displays for mobile devices, e.g., show frequency of a receiver's recent communication and distance from a receiver to her phone. We discuss technologies that can enable cues indicated in these lessons to be realized within awareness displays, as well as discuss limitations of such displays and issues of privacy.
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Bailey, Brian P., Busbey, Chris W. and Iqbal, Shamsi T. (2007): TAPRAV: An interactive analysis tool for exploring workload aligned to models of task execution. In Interacting with Computers, 19 (3) pp. 314-329
Pupillary response is a valid indicator of mental workload and is being increasingly leveraged to identify lower cost moments for interruption, evaluate complex interfaces, and develop further understanding of psychological processes. Existing tools are not sufficient for analyzing this type of data, as it typically needs to be analyzed in relation to the corresponding task's execution. To address this emerging need, we have developed a new interactive analysis tool, TAPRAV. The primary components of the tool include; (i) a visualization of pupillary response aligned to the corresponding model of task execution, useful for exploring relationships between these two data sources; (ii) an interactive overview + detail metaphor, enabling rapid inspection of details while maintaining global context; (iii) synchronized playback of the video of the user's screen interaction, providing awareness of the state of the task; and (iv) interaction supporting discovery driven analysis. Results from a user study showed that users are able to efficiently interact with the tool to analyze relationships between pupillary response and task execution. The primary contribution of our tool is that it demonstrates an effective visualization and interaction design for rapidly exploring pupillary response in relation to models of task execution, thereby reducing the analysis effort.
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Bailey, Brian P. and Iqbal, Shamsi T. (2007): Understanding changes in mental workload during execution of goal-directed tasks and its application for interruption management. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 14 (4) p. 21
Notifications can have reduced interruption cost if delivered at moments of lower mental workload during task execution. Cognitive theorists have speculated that these moments occur at subtask boundaries. In this article, we empirically test this speculation by examining how workload changes during execution of goal-directed tasks, focusing on regions between adjacent chunks within the tasks, that is, the subtask boundaries. In a controlled experiment, users performed several interactive tasks while their pupil dilation, a reliable measure of workload, was continuously measured using an eye tracking system. The workload data was extracted from the pupil data, precisely aligned to the corresponding task models, and analyzed. Our principal findings include (i) workload changes throughout the execution of goal-directed tasks; (ii) workload exhibits transient decreases at subtask boundaries relative to the preceding subtasks; (iii) the amount of decrease tends to be greater at boundaries corresponding to the completion of larger chunks of the task; and (iv) different types of subtasks induce different amounts of workload. We situate these findings within resource theories of attention and discuss important implications for interruption management systems.
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Lienhart, Rainer, Prasad, Anand R., Hanjalic, Alan, Choi, Sunghyun, Bailey, Brian P. and Sebe, Nicu (eds.) Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Multimedia 2007 September 24-29, 2007, Augsburg, Germany.
» 2006 «
Iqbal, Shamsi T. and Bailey, Brian P. (2006): Leveraging characteristics of task structure to predict the cost of interruption. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2006. pp. 741-750. Available online
A challenge in building interruption reasoning systems is to compute an accurate cost of interruption (COI). Prior work has used interface events and other cues to predict COI, but ignore characteristics related to the structure of a task. This work investigates how well characteristics of task structure can predict COI, as objectively measured by resumption lag. In an experiment, users were interrupted during task execution at various boundaries to collect a large sample of resumption lag values. Statistical methods were employed to create a parsimonious model that uses characteristics of task structure to predict COI. A subsequent experiment with different tasks showed that the model can predict COI with reasonably high accuracy. Our model can be expediently applied to many goal-directed tasks, allowing systems to make more effective decisions about when to interrupt.
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Bailey, Brian P., Tettegah, Sharon Y. and Bradley, Terry J. (2006): Clover: Connecting technology and character education using personally-constructed animated vignettes. In Interacting with Computers, 18 (4) pp. 793-819
Schools are increasingly integrating character education to facilitate improved moral thinking and pro social behavior among students. An effective method for delivering character education is problem solving moral and social situations represented visually as animated vignettes. However, schools are rarely able to use animated vignettes since existing tools do not allow them to be easily created and having them created externally is overly expensive. In this paper, we describe the design, use, and evaluation of a computational tool that enables students to construct their own animated vignettes. By building, sharing, and responding to vignettes, students become engaged in problem solving moral and social situations. Evaluations showed that users are able to build meaningful vignettes, our tool is easy to learn and fun to use, and our tool's multimedia features are often used and well-liked. Educators can download and use our tool while researchers can draw upon our design rationale and lessons learned when building similar tools.
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Bailey, Brian P. and Busbey, Chris W. (2006): TAPRAV: a tool for exploring workload aligned to models of task execution. In: Celentano, Augusto (ed.) AVI 2006 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 23-26, 2006, Venezia, Italy. pp. 467-470. Available online
Biehl, Jacob T. and Bailey, Brian P. (2006): Improving interfaces for managing applications in multiple-device environments. In: Celentano, Augusto (ed.) AVI 2006 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 23-26, 2006, Venezia, Italy. pp. 35-42. Available online
Biehl, Jacob T. and Bailey, Brian P. (2006): Improving scalability and awareness in iconic interfaces for multiple-device environments. In: Celentano, Augusto (ed.) AVI 2006 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 23-26, 2006, Venezia, Italy. pp. 91-94. Available online
» 2005 «
Iqbal, Shamsi T., Adamczyk, Piotr D., Zheng, Xianjun Sam and Bailey, Brian P. (2005): Towards an index of opportunity: understanding changes in mental workload during task execution. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 311-320. Available online
To contribute to systems that reason about human attention, our work empirically demonstrates how a user's mental workload changes during task execution. We conducted a study where users performed interactive, hierarchical tasks while mental workload was measured through the use of pupil size. Results show that (i) different types of subtasks impose different mental workload, (ii) workload decreases at subtask boundaries, (iii) workload decreases more at boundaries higher in a task model and less at boundaries lower in the model, (iv) workload changes among subtask boundaries within the same level of a task model, and (v) effective understanding of why changes in workload occur requires that the measure be tightly coupled to a validated task model. From the results, we show how to map mental workload onto a computational Index of Opportunity that systems can use to better reason about human attention.
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Iqbal, Shamsi T. and Bailey, Brian P. (2005): Investigating the effectiveness of mental workload as a predictor of opportune moments for interruption. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1489-1492. Available online
This work investigates the use of workload-aligned task models for predicting opportune moments for interruption. From models for several tasks, we selected boundaries with the lowest (Best) and highest (Worst) mental workload. We compared effects of interrupting primary tasks at these and Random moments on resumption lag, annoyance, and social attribution. Results show that interrupting at the Best moments consistently caused less resumption lag and annoyance, and fostered more social attribution. Results demonstrate that use of workload-aligned models offers a systematic method for predicting opportune moments.
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Su, R. E. and Bailey, Brian P. (2005): Put Them Where? Towards Guidelines for Positioning Large Displays in Interactive Workspaces. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT05: Human-Computer Interaction 2005. pp. 337-349. Available online
Multiple large displays are being increasingly used in interactive workspaces to enhance individual and group work. However, little research has been conducted to determine whether various configurations of large displays impact users or their tasks differently. We show that such an impact exists, and take steps towards developing guidelines for how to effectively arrange large displays in interactive workspaces. For two large displays, we manipulated their physical separation, angle between them, and symmetry when facing each other and measured time on task, subjective workload, and satisfaction for application relocation tasks. From the results, we produced three useful guidelines: (i) displays can be separated on a horizontal plane up to a subtended visual angle of 45{deg}, (ii) a display should not be placed behind a user, but if necessary, it should be offset relative to the user, and (iii) displays should be positioned at a 45{deg} angle relative to each other rather than being orthogonal. As the use of large displays is increasing, these guidelines should have a broad, practical impact.
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Biehl, J. T. and Bailey, Brian P. (2005): A Toolset for Creating Iconic Interfaces for Interactive Workspaces. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT05: Human-Computer Interaction 2005. pp. 699-712. Available online
To work productively in an interactive workspace, users need effective interfaces for seamlessly sharing, annotating, and juxtaposing digital information across heterogeneous devices. In this paper, we present an interface toolset for constructing and using iconic interfaces for interactive workspaces. Using an iconic representation of the physical workspace, users can quickly and easily relocate applications and redirect input across devices. The toolset provides a graphical tool for rapidly constructing iconic representations for various workspaces, supports an existing interactive workspace infrastructure, and is engineered to be portable to others. A usability evaluation showed that the interaction design of the interfaces created with our toolset is effective for redirection and relocation tasks. Our results provide the first empirical baseline for comparing alternative interfaces for interactive workspaces. The use of our toolset facilitates more productive use of interactive workspaces for both individual and group work and is available for download today.
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Cook, Damon J. and Bailey, Brian P. (2005): Designers' use of paper and the implications for informal tools. In: Proceedings of OZCHI05, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2005. pp. 1-10. Available online
While informal tools can benefit early design, their use requires that a designer surrender the richer affordances of physical tools. To better understand the importance of physical tools for early design, we conducted contextual interviews with twelve designers. We found that paper is an integral part of the early design process and argue that informal tools will not realize their full potential unless they provide similar benefits. We recommend that informal tools provide a mechanism to connect the use of physical tools to complement their electronic interfaces. We discuss several mechanisms and use lessons from our study to evaluate their relative strengths and weaknesses, concluding that a digital ink interface would be most effective. A realistic scenario involving a digital ink interface is evaluated. Results confirm our design rationale and suggest that a digital ink interface would benefit existing design practice.
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Ranganathan, Anand, Al-Muhtadi, Jalal, Biehl, Jacob T., Ziebart, Brian, Campbell, Roy H. and Bailey, Brian P. (2005): Towards a Pervasive Computing Benchmark. In: PerCom 2005 Workshops - 3rd IEEE Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops 8-12 March, 2005, Kauai Island, HI, USA. pp. 194-198. Available online
» 2004 «
Adamczyk, Piotr D. and Bailey, Brian P. (2004): If not now, when?: the effects of interruption at different moments within task execution. In: Dykstra-Erickson, Elizabeth and Tscheligi, Manfred (eds.) Proceedings of ACM CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 24-29, 2004, Vienna, Austria. pp. 271-278. Available online
User attention is a scarce resource, and users are susceptible to interruption overload. Systems do not reason about the effects of interrupting a user during a task sequence. In this study, we measure effects of interrupting a user at different moments within task execution in terms of task performance, emotional state, and social attribution. Task models were developed using event perception techniques, and the resulting models were used to identify interruption timings based on a user's predicted cognitive load. Our results show that different interruption moments have different impacts on user emotional state and positive social attribution, and suggest that a system could enable a user to maintain a high level of awareness while mitigating the disruptive effects of interruption. We discuss implications of these results for the design of an attention manager.
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Biehl, Jacob T. and Bailey, Brian P. (2004): ARIS: an interface for application relocation in an interactive space. In: Graphics Interface 2004 May 17-19, 2004, London, Ontario, Canada. pp. 107-116. Available online
By enabling users to better manage information across PDAs, laptops, graphics tablets, and large screens, the use of an interactive space could dramatically improve how users share information in collaborative work. To enable a user to better manage information in an interactive space, we iteratively designed an interactive space window manager called ARIS. We discuss the implementation of ARIS and we share lessons learned from user evaluations about how to design a more effective window manager for an interactive space and how to better evaluate low-fidelity prototypes in an interactive space. Our work can enable richer collaborations among users of an interactive space.
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Flider, Mark J. and Bailey, Brian P. (2004): An evaluation of techniques for controlling focus+context screens. In: Graphics Interface 2004 May 17-19, 2004, London, Ontario, Canada. pp. 135-144. Available online
We evaluated four techniques for controlling focus+context screens. We compared an egocentric versus exocentric View mixed with whether the display on the focus screen moves in the same (paper mapping) versus opposite (scroll mapping) direction as imput force. Our results show that (i) View had little effect, (ii) users almost always allocated attention to the context screen when controlling the display, (iii) scroll mappings enabled a user to perform tasks faster, commit fewer errors, and be more satisfied with the system compared to paper mappings, and (iv) a user can better control focus+context screens when the frame of reference either does move or is perceived to move in the direction of input force. We discuss these results and recommend how to enable a user to better control focus+context screens.
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» 2003 «
Bailey, Brian P. and Konstan, Joseph A. (2003): Are informal tools better?: comparing DEMAIS, pencil and paper, and authorware for early multimedia design. In: Cockton, Gilbert and Korhonen, Panu (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2003 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. pp. 313-320.
» 2001 «
Bailey, Brian P., Konstan, Joseph A. and Carlis, J. V. (2001): The Effects of Interruptions on Task Performance, Annoyance, and Anxiety in the User Interface. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT01: Human-Computer Interaction 2001, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 593-601.
Bailey, Brian P., Konstan, Joseph A. and Carlis, John V. (2001): DEMAIS: designing multimedia applications with interactive storyboards. In: ACM Multimedia 2001 2001. pp. 241-250. Available online
» 2000 «
Rutledge, Lloyd, Bailey, Brian P., Ossenbruggen, Jacco van, Hardman, Lynda and Geurts, Joost (2000): Generating Presentation Constraints from Rhetorical Structure. In: Hypertext 00 - Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia May 30 - June 03, 2000, San Antonio, Texas, USA. pp. 19-28. Available online
» 1998 «
Bailey, Brian P., Konstan, Joseph A., Cooley, Robert and Dejong, Moses (1998): Nsync - A Toolkit for Building Interactive Multimedia Presentations. In: ACM Multimedia 1998 1998. pp. 257-266. Available online
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17 Jun 2009: Author was edited
17 Jun 2009: Author was edited
13 Jun 2009: Author was edited
13 Jun 2009: Author was edited
31 May 2009: Author was edited
09 May 2009: Author was edited
09 May 2009: Author was edited
23 May 2008: Added a picture of Brian P. Bailey
12 May 2008: Author was edited
12 May 2008: Author was edited
12 May 2008: Author was edited
12 May 2008: Author was edited
25 Jul 2007: Author was edited
24 Jul 2007: Author was edited
24 Jul 2007: Author was edited
24 Jul 2007: Author was edited
24 Jul 2007: Author was edited
24 Jul 2007: Author was edited
24 Jul 2007: Author was added to the bibliography
29 Jun 2007: Author was edited
29 Jun 2007: Author was edited
27 Jun 2007: Author was edited
23 Jun 2007: Author was edited
23 Jun 2007: Author was edited
19 Jun 2007: Author was edited
19 Jun 2007: Author was edited
19 Jun 2007: Author was edited
28 Apr 2003: Added the author to the bibliography