Bonnie A. Nardi
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"Bonnie Nardi"
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Publications by Bonnie A. Nardi (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Cervantes, Ruy, Richardson, Jahmeilah and Nardi, Bonnie A. (2009): "I Am a Black Cat, Letting Day Come and Go": Multimodal Conversations in a Poetry Workshop. In: HICSS 2009 - 42st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 5-8 January, 2009, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. pp. 1-10. Available online
» 2008 «
Dourish, Paul, Hayes, Gillian R., Irani, Lilly, Lee, Charlotte P., Lindtner, Silvia, Nardi, Bonnie A., Patterson, Donald J. and Tomlinson, Bill (2008): Informatics at UC Irvine. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 3651-3656. Available online
“Computer Science, as a single discipline, can no longer speak to the broad relevance of digital technologies in society. The Department of Informatics in the Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of California, Irvine, serves as the institutional home for research on relationships between technological, organizational, and social aspects of information technology. Here, we describe the research landscape of the Department of Informatics and its relation to the diverse field of Human-Computer Interaction.”
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Lindtner, Silvia, Nardi, Bonnie A., Wang, Yang, Mainwaring, Scott, Jing, He and Liang, Wenjing (2008): A hybrid cultural ecology: world of warcraft in China. In: Proceedings of ACM CSCW08 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2008. pp. 371-382. Available online
“We analyze online gaming as a site of collaboration in a digital-physical hybrid. We ground our analysis in findings from an ethnographic study of the online game World of Warcraft in China. We examine the interplay of collaborative practices across the physical environment of China's Internet cafes and the virtual game space of World of Warcraft. Our findings suggest that it may be fruitful to broaden existing notions of physical-digital hybridity by considering the nuanced interplay between the digital and physical as a multi-dimensional environment or "ecology". We illustrate how socio-economics, government regulations and cultural value systems shaped a hybrid cultural ecology of online gaming in China.”
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Lindtner, Silvia and Nardi, Bonnie A. (2008): Venice, California and World of Warcraft: Persistence and Ephemerality in Playful Spaces. In: HICSS 2008 - 41st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 7-10 January, 2008, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 151. Available online
» 2007 «
Kaptelinin, Victor and Nardi, Bonnie A. (2007): Acting with technology: Activity theory and interaction design. In First Monday, 12 (4)
DiGiuseppe, Nicholas and Nardi, Bonnie A. (2007): Real genders choose fantasy characters: Class choice in world of warcraft. In First Monday, 12 (5)
Nardi, Bonnie A., Ly, Stella and Harris, Justin (2007): Learning Conversations in World of Warcraft. In: HICSS 2007 - 40th Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 3-6 January, 2007, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 79. Available online
» 2006 «
Nardi, Bonnie A. and Harris, Justin (2006): Strangers and friends: collaborative play in world of warcraft. In: Proceedings of ACM CSCW06 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2006. pp. 149-158. Available online
“We analyze collaborative play in an online video game, World of Warcraft, the most popular personal computer game in the United States, with significant markets in Asia and Europe. Based on an immersive ethnographic study, we describe how the social organization of the game and player culture affect players' enjoyment and learning of the game. We discovered that play is characterized by a multiplicity of collaborations from brief informal encounters to highly organized play in structured groups. The variety of collaborations makes the game more fun and provides rich learning opportunities. We contrast these varied collaborations, including those with strangers, to the "gold standard" of Gemeinschaft-like communities of close relations in tightknit groups. We suggest populations for whom similar games could be designed.”
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Nardi, Bonnie A., Dennis, Dion and Kocher, Douglas (2006): Book reviews. In First Monday, 11 (10)
» 2005 «
Nardi, Bonnie A. (2005): Beyond Bandwidth: Dimensions of Connection in Interpersonal Communication. In Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 14 (2) pp. 91-130
“Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is a keystone of computer-supported collaborative work. Current CMC theory utilizes an information channel metaphor in which media vary according to how well they afford the transfer of messages in the channel, i.e., bandwidth. This paper draws attention to a different aspect of communication argued to be equally important: a relation between people that defines a state of communicative readiness in which fruitful communication is likely. Drawing on research on instant messaging (Nardi et al., 2000) and face to face communication (Nardi et al., 2002; Nardi and Whittaker, 2003), as well as related literature, three dimensions of connection that activate readiness are proposed: affinity, commitment, and attention. These dimensions comprise a field of connection between dyads. A field of connection is conceptualized as a labile, multidimensional space in which the values of the dimensions vary according to the history of communicative activity. Affinity, commitment, and attention are constantly monitored, negotiated, and managed through social bonding, expression of commitment, and capture of attention. The management of fields of connection requires significant interactional work to sustain communication over time.”
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» 2004 «
Carpenter, Keri, Nardi, Bonnie A., Moore, James, Robertson, Scott, Drezner, Daniel, Benson, Ian, Foot, Kirsten and Jett, Quintus (2004): Online political organizing: lessons from the field. In: Proceedings of ACM CSCW04 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2004. pp. 59-62. Available online
“In this panel, a group of practitioners and researchers in the area of online political organizing will present their own research in this area and discuss the relevance of online political organizing to the current political scene - including the U.S. general presidential election, which has just been completed. Panelists come from across the political spectrum and also represent views of the political process in countries other than the United States. What are the tools used in online political organizing? What role do each of these new tools bring to the campaign/election process? How effective have they proven in this election cycle? What is their utility outside the scope of the presidential election cycle? Are they merely "teaser" tools to get people in the door or do they have the potential to facilitate lasting political change in all political arenas large and small? In addition, electronic voting is a current open research area. What do systems need to take into account to assure voters' confidence that their votes are being collected and tallied correctly and securely? What information needs to be presented to the voter at the time of polling to ensure the most effective voting systems available? What do we know at this point and where are the future research areas that need scrutiny? Each panelist will present their current research related to this area and comment on the ways in which their findings add to the current body of knowledge. Particular attention will be paid to articulating research streams that currently need to be addressed and positing methods to address these open research questions.”
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Nardi, Bonnie A., Schiano, Diane J. and Gumbrecht, Michelle (2004): Blogging as social activity, or, would you let 900 million people read your diary?. In: Proceedings of ACM CSCW04 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2004. pp. 222-231. Available online
“"Blogging" is a Web-based form of communication that is rapidly becoming mainstream. In this paper, we report the results of an ethnographic study of blogging, focusing on blogs written by individuals or small groups, with limited audiences. We discuss motivations for blogging, the quality of social interactivity that characterized the blogs we studied, and relationships to the blogger's audience. We consider the way bloggers related to the known audience of their personal social networks as well as the wider "blogosphere" of unknown readers. We then make design recommendations for blogging software based on these findings.”
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Whittaker, Steve, Jones, Quentin, Nardi, Bonnie A., Creech, Mike, Terveen, Loren, Isaacs, Ellen and Hainsworth, John (2004): ContactMap: Organizing communication in a social desktop. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 11 (4) pp. 445-471
“Modern work is a highly social process, offering many cues for people to organize communication and access information. Shared physical workplaces provide natural support for tasks such as (a) social reminding about communication commitments and keeping track of collaborators and friends, and (b) social data mining of local expertise for advice and information. However, many people now collaborate remotely using tools such as email and voicemail. Our field studies show that these tools do not provide the social cues needed for group work processes. In part, this is because the tools are organized around messages, rather than people. In response to this problem, we created ContactMap, a system that makes people the primary unit of interaction. ContactMap provides a structured social desktop representation of users' important contacts that directly supports social reminding and social data mining. We conducted an empirical evaluation of ContactMap, comparing it with traditional email systems, on tasks suggested by our fieldwork. Users performed better with ContactMap and preferred ContactMap for the majority of these tasks. We discuss future enhancements of our system and the implications of these results for future communication interfaces and for theories of mediated communication.”
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Nardi, Bonnie A., Adams, Michael, Chu, Melody, Khan, Shiraz, Lai, John and Lao, Elsy (2004): AnthroSource: Designing a portal for anthropologists. In First Monday, 9 (10)
Nardi, Bonnie A., Schiano, Diane J., Gumbrecht, Michelle and Swartz, Luke (2004): Why we blog. In Communications of the ACM, 47 (12) pp. 41-46
» 2002 «
Nardi, Bonnie A., Whittaker, Steve and Schwarz, Heinrich (2002): NetWORKers and their Activity in Intensional Networks. In Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 11 (1) pp. 205-242
“Through ethnographic research, we document the rise of personal social networks in the workplace, which we call intensional networks. Paradoxically, we find that the most fundamental unit of analysis for computer-supported cooperative work is not at the group level for many tasks and settings, but at the individual level as personal social networks come to be more and more important. Collective subjects are increasingly put together through the assemblage of people found through personal networks rather than being constituted as teams created through organizational planning and structuring. Teams are still important but they are not the centerpiece of labor management they once were, nor are they the chief resource for individual workers. We draw attention to the importance of networks as most CSCW system designs assume a team. We urge that designers take account of networks and the problems they present to workers.”
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Nardi, Bonnie A. (2002): Coda and Response to Christine Halverson. In Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 11 (1) pp. 269-275
Nardi, Bonnie A., Whittaker, Steve, Isaacs, Ellen, Creech, Mike, Johnson, Jeff A. and Hainsworth, John (2002): Integrating communication and information through ContactMap. In Communications of the ACM, 45 (4) pp. 89-95
» 2001 «
Muller, Michael J., Christiansen, Ellen, Nardi, Bonnie A. and Dray, Susan M. (2001): Spiritual life and information technology. In Communications of the ACM, 44 (3) pp. 82-83
» 2000 «
Nardi, Bonnie A., Whittaker, Steve and Bradner, Erin (2000): Interaction and Outeraction: Instant Messaging in Action. In: Kellogg, Wendy A. and Whittaker, Steve (eds.) Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work 2000, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. pp. 79-88. Available online
“We discuss findings from an ethnographic study of instant messaging (IM) in the workplace and its implications for media theory. We describe how instant messaging supports a variety of informal communication tasks. We document the affordances of IM that support flexible, expressive communication. We describe some unexpected uses of IM that highlight aspects of communication which are not part of current media theorizing. They pertain to communicative processes people use to connect with each other and to manage communication, rather than to information exchange. We call these processes "outeraction". We discuss how outeractional aspects of communication affect media choice and patterns of media use.”
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Whittaker, Steve, Terveen, Loren and Nardi, Bonnie A. (2000): Let's Stop Pushing the Envelope and Start Addressing It: A Reference Task Agenda for HCI. In Human-Computer Interaction, 15 (2) pp. 75-106
“We identify a problem with the process of research in the human-computer interaction (HCI) community-an overemphasis on "radical invention" at the price of achieving a common research focus. Without such a focus, it is difficult to build on previous work, to compare different interaction techniques objectively, and to make progress in developing theory. These problems at the research level have implications for practice, too; as researchers we often are unable to give principled design advice to builders of new systems. We propose that the HCI community try to achieve a common focus around the notion of reference tasks. We offer arguments for the advantages of this approach as well as consider potential difficulties. We explain how reference tasks have been highly effective in focusing research into information retrieval and speech recognition. We discuss what factors have to be considered in selecting HCI reference tasks and present an example reference task (for searching speech archives). This example illustrates the nature of reference tasks and points to the issues and problems involved in constructing and using them. We conclude with recommendations about what steps need to be taken to execute the reference task research agenda. This involves recommendations about both the technical research that needs to be done and changes in the way that the HCI research community operates. The technical research involves identification of important user tasks by systematic requirements gathering, definition and operationalization of reference tasks and evaluation metrics, and execution of task-based evaluation, along with judicious use of field trials. Perhaps more important, we have also suggested changes in community practice that HCI must adopt to make the reference tasks idea work. We must create forums for discussion of common tasks and methods by which people can compare systems and techniques. Only by doing this can the notion of reference tasks be integrated into the process of research and development, enabling the field to achieve the focus it desperately needs.”
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Nardi, Bonnie A., Whittaker, Steve and Schwarz, Heinrich (2000): It's Not What You Know, It's Who You Know: Work in the Information Age. In First Monday, 5 (5)
» 1999 «
Kaptelinin, Victor, Nardi, Bonnie A. and Macaulay, Catriona (1999): Methods & tools: The activity checklist: a tool for representing the. In Interactions, 6 (4) pp. 27-29
Nardi, Bonnie A. and Engeström, Yrjö (1999): A Web on the Wind: The Structure of Invisible Work. In Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 8 (1) pp. 1-8
Nardi, Bonnie A. and O'Day, Vicki (1999): Information Ecologies: Using Technology with Heart. MIT Press
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Nardi, Bonnie A. and O'Day, Vicki L. (1999): Full Table of Contents. In First Monday, 4 (5)
Nardi, Bonnie A. and O'Day, Vicki L. (1999): Preface. In First Monday, 4 (5)
Nardi, Bonnie A. and O'Day, Vicki L. (1999): Chapter One: Rotwang the Inventor. In First Monday, 4 (5)
Nardi, Bonnie A. and O'Day, Vicki L. (1999): Chapter Two: Framing Conversations about Technology. In First Monday, 4 (5)
Nardi, Bonnie A. and O'Day, Vicki L. (1999): Chapter Four: Information Ecologies. In First Monday, 4 (5)
» 1998 «
Nardi, Bonnie A., Reilly, Brian and Steinbeck, Reinhold (1998): An Online Digital Photography Course for High School Teachers. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 30 (2) pp. 78-81
Nardi, Bonnie A. (1998): Concepts of Cognition and Consciousness: Four Voices. In ACM SIGDOC *Journal of Computer Documentation, 22 (1) pp. 31-48
“In a thorough comparative awareness essay enlivened by dry humor and examples drawn from her own career as an applied anthropologist at Apple Computer, Nardi describes the strengths and weaknesses of four theories of consciousness and human cognition: neuroscience, cognitive science, distributed cognition theory, and (her own preference) activity theory. This is a perceptive introductory tour of a very diverse literature, but it also frequently touches on concrete issues in human-computer interaction: "If you design mediating tools for others (such as computer hardware or software)," notes Nardi for example, "you are also responsible, in part, for the consciousness of others" according to activity theory.”
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Nardi, Bonnie A., Miller, James R. and Wright, David J. (1998): Collaborative, Programmable Intelligent Agents. In Communications of the ACM, 41 (3) pp. 96-104
» 1997 «
Nardi, Bonnie A. and Barreau, Deborah (1997): "Finding and Reminding" Revisited: Appropriate Metaphors for File Organization at the Desktop. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 29 (1) pp. 76-78
» 1996 «
Johnson, Jeff A. and Nardi, Bonnie A. (1996): Creating Presentation Slides: A Study of User Preferences for Task-Specific versus Generic Application Software. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 3 (1) pp. 38-65
“We conducted a study to investigate the use of generic versus task-specific application software by people who create and maintain presentation slides. Sixteen people were interviewed to determine how they prepare slides, what software they use to prepare and maintain slides, and how well the software they use supports various aspects of the task. The informants varied in how central slidemaking was to their jobs. The hypotheses driving the study were that: (1) some software applications are task generic, intended for use in a wide variety of tasks, while others are task specific, intended to support very specific tasks; (2) task-specific software is preferable, but is often not used because of cost, learning effort, or lack of availability, and (3) people who infrequently perform a task tend to use generic tools, while people who often perform it tend to use task-specific tools. Our findings suggest that several factors influence choice of slidemaking software, including desired quality, production time, user skill, willingness to use multiple tools, whether people work alone or in teams, and company policy. Furthermore, the task specificity/genericness of an application program is not a simple matter of degree, because it depends on several fairly independent software design issues. We (1) conclude that developing application software that supports all aspects of a task well is extremely difficult and (2) suggest an alternative approach that may be more fruitful: providing collections of interoperable tools and services.”
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Nardi, Bonnie A. (ed.) (1996): Context and Consciousness. Cambridge, MA, USA, MIT Press
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Nardi, Bonnie A. (ed.) (1996): Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction. MIT Press
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» 1995 «
Barreau, Deborah and Nardi, Bonnie A. (1995): Finding and Reminding: File Organization from the Desktop. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 27 (3) pp. 39-45
» 1994 «
Nardi, Bonnie A. and Johnson, Jeff (1994): User Preferences for Task-Specific vs. Generic Application Software. In: Adelson, Beth, Dumais, Susan and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 94 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 392-398. Available online
“We conducted an ethnographic study to investigate the use of generic vs. task-specific application software by people who create and maintain presentation slides. Sixteen people were interviewed to determine how they prepare slides; what software they use; and how well the software supports various aspects of the task. The informants varied in how central slide preparation was to their jobs. The study was motivated by our beliefs that: 1) some software programs are task-generic, intended for use in a wide variety of tasks, while others are task-specific, intended to support very specific tasks; 2) task-specific software is preferable, but is often not used because of cost, learning effort, or lack of availability; and 3) people who infrequently perform a task tend to use generic tools, while people who frequently perform a task tend to use task-specific tools. Our findings suggest that the truth is more complex: 1) task-specificity/genericness is not a simple continuum; 2) a task cannot be looked at in isolation without reference to a higher level goal; and 3) an alternative to task-specific programs is a modular collection of independent interoperable services supporting small subtasks.”
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Nardi, Bonnie A., Bly, Sara A., Isaacs, Ellen, Wei, Sha Xin and Whittaker, Steve (1994): Collaborative Multimedia: Getting Beyond the Obvious (Panel). In: ACM Multimedia 1994 1994. pp. 119-120.
» 1993 «
Nardi, Bonnie A. (1993): A Small Matter of Programming: Perspectives on End User Computing. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press
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“A SMALL MATTER OF PROGRAMMING asks why it has been so difficult for end users to command programming power and explores the problems of end user-driven application development that must be solved to afford end users greater computational power. Drawing on empirical research on existing end user systems, A SMALL MATTER OF PROGRAMMING analyzes cognitive, social, and technical issues of end user programming. In particular, it examines the importance of task-specific programming languages, visual application frameworks, and collaborative work practices for end user computing, with the goal of helping designers and programmers understand and better satisfy the needs of end users who want the capability to create, customize, and extend their applications software. The ideas in the book are based on the author's research on two successful end user programming systems -- spreadsheets and CAD systems -- as well as other empirical research. Nardi concentrates on broad issues in end user programming, especially end users' strengths and problems, introducing tools and techniques as they are related to higher-level user issues.”
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Monk, Andrew, Nardi, Bonnie A., Gilbert, Nigel, Mantei, Marilyn and McCarthy, John D. (1993): Mixing Oil and Water? Ethnography versus Experimental Psychology in the Study of Computer-Mediated Communication. In: Ashlund, Stacey, Mullet, Kevin, Henderson, Austin, Hollnagel, Erik and White, Ted (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 93 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-29, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 3-6. Available online
Nardi, Bonnie A., Schwarz, Heinrich, Kuchinsky, Allan, Leichner, Robert, Whittaker, Steve and Sclabassi, Robert (1993): Turning Away from Talking Heads: The Use of Video-as-Data in Neurosurgery. In: Ashlund, Stacey, Mullet, Kevin, Henderson, Austin, Hollnagel, Erik and White, Ted (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 93 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-29, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 327-334. Available online
“Studies of video as a support for collaborative work have provided little hard evidence of its utility for either task performance or fostering telepresence, i.e. the conveyance of a face-to-face like social presence for remotely located participants. To date, most research on the value of video has concentrated on "talking heads" video in which the video images are of remote participants conferring or performing some task together. In contrast to talking heads video, we studied video-as-data in which video images of the workspace and work objects are the focus of interest, and convey critical information about the work. The use of video-as-data is intended to enhance task performance, rather than to provide telepresence. We studied the use of video during neurosurgery within the operating room and at remote locations away from the operating room. The workspace shown in the video is the surgical field (brain or spine) that the surgeon is operating on. We discuss our findings on the use of live and recorded video, and suggest extensions to video-as-data including its integration with computerized time-based information sources to educate and co-ordinate complex actions among distributed workgroups.”
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Gray, Wayne D., John, Bonnie E., Nardi, Bonnie A., Petre, Marion, Spohrer, James C. and Turner, Althea A. (1993): End-User Programming. In: Cook, Curtis, Scholtz, Jean and Spohrer, James C. (eds.) Empirical Studies of Programmers - Fifth Workshop December 3-15, 1993, 1993, Palo Alto, California. pp. 1-2.
“End-user programming involves the end user building new tools, not simply using an application. Hence, word processing is not an example of end-user programming while building style sheets for a word processor would be. Using communication software is not, writing a script for the communication software is. Using someone else's spreadsheet is not, building your own spreadsheet is. Using someone else's HyperCard stack is not, building your own is. Running someone else's cognitive model is not, building a cognitive model that fits your theory is. This definition includes both specialized software for experts (for example, Edmonds, O'Brien, & Bayley, 1993), semi-domain specialized software such as spreadsheets, as well as intendedly general purpose (but specialized anyway) software such as HyperCard. The two defining characteristics are: building software tools (what the end-user programming language, EPL, is used for) and characteristics of the user (whose main interest is in building a tool for which they, among possible others, will be a user). Hence, LISP could be considered an EPL for C programmers who use EMACS.”
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Johnson, Jeff A., Nardi, Bonnie A., Zarmer, Craig L. and Miller, James R. (1993): ACE: Building Interactive Graphical Applications. In Communications of the ACM, 36 (4) pp. 40-55
» 1992 «
Gantt, Michelle and Nardi, Bonnie A. (1992): Gardeners and Gurus: Patterns of Cooperation among CAD Users. In: Bauersfeld, Penny, Bennett, John and Lynch, Gene (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 92 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference June 3-7, 1992, Monterey, California. pp. 107-117. Available online
“We studied CAD system users to find out how they use the sophisticated customization and extension facilities offered by many CAD products. We found that users of varying levels of expertise collaborate to customize their CAD environments and to create programmatic extensions to their applications. Within a group of users, there is at least one local expert who provides support for other users. We call this person a local developer. The local developer is a fellow domain expert, not a professional programmer, outside technical consultant or MIS staff member. We found that in some CAD environments the support role has been formalized so that local developers are given official recognition, and time and resources to pursue local developer activities. In general, this formalization of the local developer role appears successful. We discuss the implications of our findings for work practices and for software design.”
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Nardi, Bonnie A. (1992): The Use of Scenarios in Design. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 24 (4) pp. 13-14
Nardi, Bonnie A. (1992): Studying Context: A Comparison of Activity Theory, Situated Action Models, and Distributed Cognition. In: East-West International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Proceedings of the EWHCI92 1992. pp. 352-359.
“An important insight is beginning to illuminate many studies of human-computer interaction: system design will benefit from explicit study of the context in which users work. The unaided individual divorced from a social group and from supporting artifacts is no longer the model user. But with this realization about the importance of context come many difficult questions. What exactly is context? If the individual is no longer central, what is the correct unit of analysis? What are the relations between artifacts, individuals, and the social groups to which they belong? This paper compares three approaches to the study of context: activity theory, situated action models and distributed cognition. We consider the basic concepts each approach promulgates, and evaluate the usefulness of each for the design of technology.”
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» 1991 «
Nardi, Bonnie A. and Miller, James R. (1991): Twinkling Lights and Nested Loops: Distributed Problem Solving and Spreadsheet Development. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34 (2) pp. 161-184
“In contrast to the common view of spreadsheets as "single-user" programs, we have found that spreadsheets offer surprisingly strong support for cooperative development of a wide variety of applications. Ethnographic interviews with spreadsheet users showed that nearly all of the spreadsheets used in the work environments studied were the result of collaborative work by people with different levels of programming and domain expertise. We describe how spreadsheet users cooperate in developing, debugging and using spreadsheets. We examine the properties of spreadsheet software that enable cooperation, arguing that: (1) the division of the spreadsheet into two distinct programming layers permits effective distribution of computational tasks across users with different levels of programming skill; and (2) the spreadsheet's strong visual format for structuring and presenting data supports sharing of domain knowledge among co-workers.”
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» 1990 «
Nardi, Bonnie A. and Miller, James R. (1990): An Ethnographic Study of Distributed Problem Solving in Spreadsheet Development. In: Halasz, Frank (ed.) Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work October 07 - 10, 1990, Los Angeles, California, United States. pp. 197-208.
“In contrast to the common view of spreadsheets as "single-user" programs, we have found that spreadsheets offer surprisingly strong support for cooperative development of a wide variety of applications. Ethnographic interviews with spreadsheet users showed that nearly all of the spreadsheets used in the work environments studied were the result of collaborative work by people with different levels of programming and domain expertise. Cooperation among spreadsheet users was spontaneous and casual; users activated existing informal social networks to initiate collaboration.”
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Johnson, Jeff, Ehn, Pelle, Grudin, Jonathan, Nardi, Bonnie A., Thoresen, Kari and Suchman, Lucy A. (1990): Participatory Design of Computer Systems. In: Carrasco, Jane and Whiteside, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 90 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference 1990, Seattle, Washington,USA. pp. 141-144.
Nardi, Bonnie A. and Miller, James R. (1990): The Spreadsheet Interface: A Basis for End User Programming. In: Diaper, Dan, Gilmore, David J., Cockton, Gilbert and Shackel, Brian (eds.) INTERACT 90 - 3rd IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 27-31, 1990, Cambridge, UK. pp. 977-983.
“This paper describes the properties of the spreadsheet interface and the ways in which spread-sheets support users with little or no formal training in programming. We analyze the spreadsheet formula language through which users express mathematical relations and the tabular grid which permits users to view, structure and display data. Based on our analysis of the formula language and the tabular grid, we argue that user programming environments should be characterized by (1) a limited set of carefully chosen, high-level, task-specific operations that are sufficient for building applications within a restricted domain, and (2) a strong visual format for structuring and presenting data.”
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Mar 18th, 2010
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