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Avraham D. Horowitz
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Publications by Avraham D. Horowitz (bibliography)
» 1994 «
McGehee, Daniel V., Dingus, Thomas A. and Horowitz, Avraham D. (1994): An Experimental Field Test of Automotive Headway Maintenance/Collision Warning Visual Displays. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 1099-1103.
“Motor vehicle crashes resulting from one vehicle striking the rear-end of another are one of the most common types of crashes involving two or more vehicles. The National Safety Council reported (Accident Facts, 1992) that there were approximately 11.3 million motor vehicle crashes in 1991 of which 2.7 million were rear-end crashes (about 23.8% of the total). These crashes accounted for 33% of all collisions involving two or more vehicles. To address the rear-end crash problem, a color LCD display designed to indicate safe following distances was mounted in the instrument panel of an 1990 Olds Toronado Trofeo. The vehicle was also equipped with a laser range finder, forward view video camera, eye view camera, video multiplexer, and computer-controlled video cassette recorder. One hundred and eight drivers from three age groups participated in this field experiment in one of three display symbology conditions. Drivers were not explicitly instructed on how to use the headway displays. Data analyses indicated that (1) the drivers easily understood the displays, (2) those drivers who initially maintained unsafe headways increased their following distance when one of the display symbologies was used, (3) during events where changes in relative velocity (braking) took place, all three symbologies increased the overall headways, and (4) drivers preferred and understood, even better, displays that included graded headway/warning information.”
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» 1992 «
Horowitz, Avraham D. (1992): Human Factors Issues in Automotive Front-to-Rear-End Collision Warning Systems. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. p. 1002.
“Crash avoidance technology is an area of ongoing research in Europe and in the US. The increasing interest in crash avoidance is shared by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and by car manufacturers. There are three main types of vehicle crashes: (1) single vehicle, (2) vehicles crashing at an intersection, and (3) vehicles driving in the same direction when the "following" car crashes into the "lead" vehicle. This last type of crash is called "rear-end" or more descriptively "front-to-rear-end." This symposium focuses upon this last type of crash because technological advances in radar and/or laser technology could assist drivers in avoiding a crash into a lead vehicle by warning the driver of an impending danger ahead. The technological challenge for avoidance of single vehicle or intersection crashes is more complex and far from a technological solution. While the technological development of collision warning systems is ongoing, little research is available in the area of human factors. We need to know more about the potential of collision warning systems in avoiding crashes, how to design the human-machine interface in terms of warning timing and types of display, and the effects of a warning system on driver performance.”
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McGehee, Daniel V., Dingus, Thomas A. and Horowitz, Avraham D. (1992): The Potential Value of a Front-to-Rear-End Collision Warning System Based on Factors of Driver Behavior, Visual Perception and Brake Reaction Time. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1003-1005.
“The potential value of a front-to-rear-end collision warning system based on factors of driver behavior, visual perception and brake reaction time is examined in this paper. Twenty-four percent of all motor vehicle crashes involving two or more vehicles are front-to-rear-end collisions. These collisions demonstrate that several driver performance factors are common. The literature indicates that drivers use the relative size and the visual angle of the vehicle ahead when making judgments regarding depth. In addition, drivers often have difficulty gauging velocity differences and depth cues between themselves and the vehicle they are following. Finally, drivers often follow at distances that are closer than brake-reaction time permits for accident avoidance. It is apparent that the comfort level of close following behavior increases over time due to the rarity of consequences. Experience also teaches drivers that the vehicle in front does not suddenly slow down very often. On the basis of these driver behavior and human performance issues, a front-to-rear-end collision warning system that provides headway/following distance and velocity change information is considered. Based on the driver performance issues, display design recommendations are outlined. The value of such a device may be demonstrated by the added driver safety and situation awareness provided. The long-term goal would ultimately be the reduction of one of the most frequent type of automobile crashes.”
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Horowitz, Avraham D. and Dingus, Thomas A. (1992): Warning Signal Design: A Key Human Factors Issue in an In-Vehicle Front-to-Rear-End Collision Warning System. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1011-1013.
“Warning signal effectiveness issues associated with the design of a front-to-rear-end collision warning system are discussed. Potential negative effects are that warnings may occur rarely, startling the driver and adding to cognitive load and stress, or alternatively, warnings may occur frequently and be ignored by the driver. To minimize negative effects, four design concepts are considered: (a) a graded sequence of warnings, from mild to severe, (b) a parallel change in modality, from visual to auditory, (c) individualization of warnings, and (d) a headway -- distance to lead car -- display.”
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Mar 18th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
15 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Avraham D. Horowitz's author page.26 Jun 2007: Author was edited 26 Jun 2007: Author was edited
26 Jun 2007: Author was edited
26 Jun 2007: Author was added to the bibliography
Publication statistics
Publication period:1992-1994
Publication count:4
Number of co-authors:2
Productive colleagues
Avraham D. Horowitz's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Thomas A. Dingus:23Daniel V. McGehee:4Collaboration count
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Thomas A. Dingus:3Daniel V. McGehee:2
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