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Arthur Kramer

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Publications by Arthur Kramer (bibliography)

1994

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Tham, Mingpo and Kramer, Arthur (1994): Attentional Control and Piloting Experience. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 31-35.

“The present study investigated differences in attentional abilities between student and instructor pilots. Twenty-four student and thirty-one instructor pilots were administered a battery of attention tasks in an effort to determine whether attentional abilities would co-vary with the level of piloting experience. The tasks that the pilots performed included: the response compatibility task, the negative priming task, the inhibition of return task, a timesharing task, feature and conjunction visual search tasks, and the dichotic listening task. Instructor pilots displayed evidence of more efficient task switching, and focused attention than novice pilots. On the other hand, instructors and student pilots were equally facile at visual scanning and covert shifts of spatial attention. The results of the study suggest that novice and experienced pilots differ across a variety of attentional operations.”

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Kramer, Arthur, Tham, Mingpo, Konrad, Christopher, Wickens, Christopher D., Lintern, Gavan, Marsh, Roger, Fox, Julianne and Merwin, David (1994): Instrument Scan and Pilot Expertise. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 36-40.

“A study was performed to investigate the correspondence between flight experience and instrument scan strategies. Seventeen student and twenty one instructor pilots flew two instrument flight missions with each mission being composed of eight distinct flight segments. The segments varied in the number of flight parameters that were to be modified including changes in heading, airspeed and altitude as well as double and triple combinations of changes in these parameters. All of the flight segments were flown under strict time constraints. Discriminant analyses were employed to determine the extent to which performance, control and eye scan measures could be used to distinguish among three groups of pilots; student pilots, low time instructors, and high time flight instructors. Performance measures alone were not adequate for discriminating among these groups of pilots, possibly because the maneuvers were relatively simple to fly. However, when both performance measures and eye scan measures were employed discrimination accuracies improved dramatically, ranging from 77% to 98% in the more complex maneuvers. Eye scan measures were also useful in diagnosing deficiencies in student flight strategies such as the over-reliance on a subset of flight instruments.”

1993

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Larish, John, Kramer, Arthur, DeAntona, Joseph and Strayer, David (1993): Aging and Dual-Task Training. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 162-166.

“The efficacy of two methods of training dual-task skills was examined in this experiment. Thirty older subjects (Mean age = 67.8 years) were trained using either variable priority or fixed priority training. Subjects performed two tasks, a gauge monitoring task and a letter arithmetic task, both separately and together. Subjects in the variable priority group were trained to vary their processing priorities between the letter arithmetic and monitoring tasks. The fixed priority subjects were trained to devote equal priority to the two tasks. Subjects then transferred to a complex scheduling task which was paired with a paired-associates task. Variable priority subjects exhibited an initial performance cost relative to fixed priority subjects. By the end of training, however, variable priority subjects exhibited superior performance as compared to fixed priority subjects. The performance of variable priority subjects was also superior on transfer tasks with which the subjects had no prior experience, suggesting that variable priority training may involve a generalizable time-sharing skill.”

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