Publication statistics
Pub. period:1988-1993
Pub. count:9
Number of co-authors:15
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Susan G. Hill:5Richard E. Christ:5Alvah C. Bittner:4 Productive colleagues
Allen L. Zaklad's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Wayne Zachary:18Richard E. Christ:14Alvah C. Bittner:13
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Allen L. Zaklad
Publications by Allen L. Zaklad (bibliography)
Weiland, Monica Z., Convery, Brian A., Zaklad, Allen L., Zachary, Wayne, Fry, Clarence A. and Voorhees, James W. (1993): Active Man Machine Interface for Advanced Rotorcraft. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. p. 1032.
“The proliferation of digital avionic information presented to pilots has produced a critical need for intelligent avionic information management, particularly in the area of Caution, Warning, and Advisory (CWA) systems. This demonstration illustrates the role of an Active Man Machine Interface (AMMI) in the context of CWA systems in rotorcraft of the future. The basis of the AMMI's intelligence demonstrated here is provided by a cognitive model that 1) prunes the alert stream to only those messages that have meaning to the pilot depending on the tactical context, and 2) provide context-sensitive advice on the basis of the tactical context. The CWA AMMI is currently being designed using COGNET, an cognitive modelling methodology (Zachary, 1989), and implemented using BATON, a set of software tools used to implement and embed COGNET models into existing systems (Zachary et al, 1991).”
© All rights reserved Weiland et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Zachary, Wayne, Zaklad, Allen L., Hicinbothom, James H., Ryder, Joan M. and Purcell, Janine A. (1993): COGNET Representation of Tactical Decision-Making in Anti-Air Warfare. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1112-1116.
“Human tactical decision making in Naval Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) is time-critical and is performed in a multiple-task, team-based environment. These aspects make this domain extremely challenging for traditional cognitive modeling techniques. The COGNET (COGnition as a NEtwork of Tasks) framework, however, is inherently designed for real-time, multi-tasking work, and, with extensions to accommodate team decision processes, proved suitable for modeling AAW decision making in the Navy's Tactical Decision Making Under Stress (TADMUS) program. A COGNET model of AAW domain expertise is described, along with Decision-Support System (DSS) design principles derived from the COGNET AAW model and the underlying COGNET framework.”
© All rights reserved Zachary et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Ryder, Joan M., Zaklad, Allen L., Zachary, Wayne and Purcell, Janine A. (1992): A Cognitive Framework for Integrated Embedded Training and Decision Aiding. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1269-1273.
“This research has developed a theoretically-based cognitive model and design framework for Integrated Decision Aiding/Training Embedded Systems (IDATES). Based on a review of empirical studies of novice-expert differences and of theoretical and computational models of skill acquisition, we defined a three-stage cognitive hierarchy model as the basis for our IDATES framework. The levels of novice, intermediate, and expert are discrete stages which differ along two primary dimensions: problem representation and problem-solving procedure. Both decision aiding and training must be targeted to the problem representation and cognitive processes of the user/trainee. Thus, there must be three levels of decision aiding targeted to novice, intermediate, and expert decision makers. Furthermore, there are two types of training: incremental training to improve performance within each of the three expertise levels, and representational training to elicit a jump to the next higher level of problem representation. Two implications arise from the IDATES cognitive model. First, integrated cognitive/behavioral task analyses are able to drive both the embedded training requirements and the decision aiding requirements, although the three skill levels must be separately addressed. Second, a single integrated architecture can underlie all the decision aiding and embedded training components of a given IDATES application.”
© All rights reserved Ryder et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Glenn, III Floyd A., Zaklad, Allen L., Ryder, Joan M. and Goodman, Lee S. (1991): Experimental Evaluation of an Adaptable Acoustic Color Coding Interface System. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1471-1475.
“Although a large amount of research has been performed to develop principles and guidelines for the effective use of color in display coding, very little of it has dealt with the color coding of continuously varying data -- also known as pseudo-coloring. This research is investigating the application of pseudo-coloring to the display of data from sonar systems, in order to enhance target detection and classification performance. A scheme has been developed for adaptable pseudo-coloring of sonogram displays, called an Adaptable Acoustic Color Coding Interface System (AACCIS), in which the sensor operator adjusts one or two dimensions of control of the color coding scheme in order to optimize performance in operational detection and classification tasks. Two experiments were performed to: (1) select specific adjustment parameters for user control, and (2) compare task performance between a few alternative adjustable and non-adjustable color codes.”
© All rights reserved Glenn et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Hill, Susan G., Byers, James C., Zaklad, Allen L. and Christ, Richard E. (1989): Subjective Workload Assessment during 48 Continuous Hours of LOS-F-H Operations. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1129-1133.
“Two operator workload (OWL) subjective rating scales were used to obtain judgments of workload during 48 hours of operation. The Task Load Index (TLX) and Overall Workload (OW) scales were administered to two crews during 48-hour operations. A 16-item symptoms ratings scale was also administered to investigate motion sickness and other physical ailments. Results indicated that workload increases across time. Factor analysis on the symptoms found three significant: (1) Heat; (2) Eyestrain/Headache; and (3) Allergy/Dust. Regression analyses suggest that OWL scores can be described as a combination of hour into mission and job being performed. These findings are discussed in the context of a methodology for assessing.”
© All rights reserved Hill et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Christ, Richard E., Zaklad, Allen L., Bittner, Alvah C., Hill, Susan G. and Linton, Paul M. (1989): The Army Operator Workload (OWL) Program: Review and Prospects. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1471-1475.
“The Operator Workload (OWL) Program is a just-completed, three-year, basic and applied research effort sponsored by the Army Research Institute (ARI). As part of the Army's research thrust into workload, the OWL Program was directed to establish guidance for the assessment of OWL associated with the operation of Army systems. Its intent was to identify and integrate the most relevant of workload research into a set of practicable workload assessment methods for Army developers, and then apply and validate these methods on selected Army systems. Lessons learned from OWL studies of these systems formed the basis for guidance for Army system developers. This paper overviews the objectives, the accomplishments, and the future prospects of the OWL Program.”
© All rights reserved Christ et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Bittner, Alvah C., Byers, James C., Hill, Susan G., Zaklad, Allen L. and Christ, Richard E. (1989): Generic Workload Ratings of a Mobile Air Defense System (LOS-F-H). In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1476-1480.
“Operator workload (OWL) scales were used to obtain ratings of generic mission scenarios and tasks for a mobile air defense missile system (LOS-F-H) following a candidate-selection field evaluation. NASA TLX, SWAT, Overall Workload (OW), and the Modified Cooper-Harper (MCH) ratings were obtained from both crew and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). Jackknife factor analysis revealed the presence of only a single "OWL" factor for both crew and SMEs (explaining 75.9% and 82.6% of the respective total variances) and indicated a significant (p < 0.00005) ordering of the mean factor loadings: TLX (0.924) was significantly greater than OW (0.905) and MCH (0.904), which were greater than SWAT (0.778). Subsequent analysis of OWL factor scores indicated that the crew and SMEs yielded essentially equivalent evaluations of OWL for the system variables investigated. This analysis also indicated that the highest levels of OWL were obtained for the track-to-intercept task during dual Rotary-Wing (RW) and Fixed-Wing (FW) attacks although the ID/IFF task during a dual RW attack was almost as high. These findings are discussed in the context of a methodology for assessing OWL.”
© All rights reserved Bittner et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Hill, Susan G., Zaklad, Allen L., Bittner, Alvah C., Byers, James C. and Christ, Richard E. (1988): The Workload Assessment of a Mobile Air Defense Missile System. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 1068-1072.
“Four operator workload (OWL) scales were retrospectively applied to crewmembers of a mobile air defense missile system, LOS-F(H), following a candidate-selection field evaluation: NASA TLX, SWAT, Overall Workload (OW), and the Modified Cooper-Harper (MCH). Jackknife factor analysis revealed the presence of only a single factor (explaining 79.6% of the total variation) and indicated a significant (p<.0075) ordering of the mean factor loadings: TLX (.935) and OW (.927) were significantly greater than MCH (.862) and SWAT (.860). Comparison with an earlier field test of a remotely piloted vehicle revealed a significant (p<.00005) interaction of test and ordering of the OWL scales, but TLX and MCH consistently had the respectively highest and lowest loadings across the two field tests. Multiple correlation also revealed a significant (p<.0001) relationship, R = 0.66, between system performance and TLX. These findings and lessons learned are discuss in the context of the development and validation of a methodology for assessing OWL.”
© All rights reserved Hill et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Byers, James C., Bittner, Alvah C., Hill, Susan G., Zaklad, Allen L. and Christ, Richard E. (1988): Workload Assessment of a Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) System. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 1145-1149.
“Four empirical operator workload (OWL) scales were applied to ground control operations of the Aquila RPV during a recent field test: NASA TLX, SWAT, Overall Workload (OW), and the Modified Cooper-Harper (MCH). Seventeen sets of individual assessments of mission segments were made by the four members of each of four crews and one replacement crewman. "Jackknife factor analysis" revealed the presence of only a single factor and indicated that the mean factor loadings formed a consistent ordering (F(3,48) = 503.5, p<.00005): TLX (.910) > SWAT (.893) > OW (.869) > MCH (.833). ANOVAs also examined the effects of various variables on the composite workload factor scores; significant findings were found which reflected both upon the system and its test. These findings as well as informal lessons learned are discussed in the context of the development and validation of a methodology for assessing OWL.”
© All rights reserved Byers et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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